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Jun 25, 1982  According to Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner (2007), an actors' strike gave the art department plenty of extra time to develop the design of this movie. Dark, deep, uncertain, unsettling imagine the most beautiful nightmare you've ever had this is Blade Runner (1982). Ridley Scott's Blade Runner is a brilliantly crafted science fiction film that not only touches upon, but bravely plunges into deep philosophical questions, making it simply ten times more important than any film of its genre.

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(2017)Blade Runner is an American originating from the 1968 novel by, about the character of. The book has been adapted into several media, including films, comics, a stage play, and a radio serial. The first film adaptation was, directed by Ridley Scott in 1982 Although the film initially underperformed at the American box office, it became a, and has had a significant influence on science fiction. A novelization and a comic adaptation of the film were released in the same year. From 1995 to 2000, three novels serving as sequels to both Blade Runner and the original novel were written by, a friend of Dick's. A film sequel to Blade Runner, was released in 2017. To celebrate the 30th anniversary of Blade Runner in 2012, a was released, and in the lead up to the release of Blade Runner 2049, several more short films detailing events that occurred between 2019 and 2049 were released.

The influence of the franchise has helped spawn the genre. Main article:A replicant is a fictional or in the Blade Runner franchise. Virtually identical to adult humans, replicants typically have superior strength, agility, and variable intelligence depending on the model. Because of their similarity to humans, a replicant can only be detected by means of the fictional Voight-Kampff test in which emotional responses are provoked; replicants' responses differ from humans' responses.

Nexus 6 replicants also have a safety mechanism, namely a four-year lifespan, to prevent them from developing empathic cognition and therefore immunity to a Voight-Kampff machine. 's novel, the inspiration for, used the term (or 'andy') rather than 'replicant'; Blade Runner director requested a new, separate term that did not have preconceptions from. As Peoples was rewriting the film's screenplay he consulted his daughter, who was then involved in biochemistry and microbiology, who suggested the term 'replicating', the biological process of a cell making a copy of itself. From that, either Peoples or his daughter (each would recall later it was the other) coined the term replicant, which was inserted into 's screenplay.

Voight-Kampff machine. A very advanced form of lie detector that measures contractions of the iris muscle and the presence of invisible airborne particles emitted from the body. The bellows were designed for the latter function and give the machine the menacing air of a sinister insect. The VK is used primarily by blade runners to determine if a suspect is truly human by measuring the degree of his empathic response through carefully worded questions and statements.— Description from the original 1982 Blade Runner press kit.The Voight-Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool, originating in the 1968 novel. The Voight-Kampff is a -like machine used by blade runners to determine. It measures bodily functions such as blush response, respiration, heart rate and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy.

In the film two replicants take the test, Leon and Rachael, and Deckard tells Tyrell that it usually takes 20 to 30 cross-referenced questions to distinguish a replicant; in contrast with the book, where it is stated it only takes 'six or seven' questions to make a determination. In Blade Runner, it takes Deckard more than one hundred questions to determine that Rachael is a replicant.Spinner Spinner is a nickname given for the type of flying car featured throughout the Blade Runner universe; they are seen in Blade Runner and Blade Runner 2049. The police variant of the vehicle in original movie features a small 'Spinner' logo attached to driver's door between 'caution' and Japanese ' labels; today the model can be seen in Seattle. Since the logo was not clearly visible on low-resolution home-video copies, it was often misspelled as 'Skimmer', before high-resolution editions of the movie were released.

These vehicles can drive on the ground as a normal car, take off vertically, cruise and hover. Spinners use an unspecified form of jet propulsion, similar to aircraft. In Blade Runner, they are used extensively by the to survey the general population, as well as by wealthy entrepreneurs. The Spinner was designed.

The Spinner has been replicated in films such as, and the.Background. The in Los Angeles was a filming location.Interest in adapting 's novel developed shortly after its 1968 publication. Director was interested in filming the novel, but never it. Producer optioned it in the early 1970s, but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb's son Robert: 'Jaffe's screenplay was so terribly done. Robert flew down to to speak with me about the project.

And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was, 'Shall I beat you up here at the airport, or shall I beat you up back at my apartment? 'The screenplay by was optioned in 1977.

Producer became interested in Fancher's draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it. Scott had previously declined the project, but after leaving the slow production of, wanted a faster-paced project to take his mind off his older brother's death. He joined the project on February 21, 1980, and managed to push up the promised financing from US$13 million to $15 million. Fancher's script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion, which are prominent in the novel and Scott wanted changes. Fancher found a cinema treatment by for 's novel (1974), titled.

Scott liked the name, so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles. Eventually he hired to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21, 1980, although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites.Having invested over $2.5 million in pre-production, as the date of commencement of principal photography neared, Filmways withdrew financial backing. In ten days Deeley had secured $21.5 million in financing through a three-way deal between (through Warner Bros.), the Hong Kong-based producer and.Philip K. Dick became concerned that no one had informed him about the film's production, which added to his distrust of Hollywood.

After Dick criticized an early version of Hampton Fancher's script in an article written for the Los Angeles Select TV Guide, the studio sent Dick the David Peoples rewrite. Although Dick died shortly before the film's release, he was pleased with the rewritten script and with a 20-minute special effects test reel that was screened for him when he was invited to the studio. Despite his well-known skepticism of Hollywood in principle, Dick enthused to Ridley Scott that the world created for the film looked exactly as he had imagined it. He said, 'I saw a segment of 's special effects for Blade Runner on the KNBC-TV news. I recognized it immediately. It was my own interior world.

They caught it perfectly.' He also approved of the film's script, saying, 'After I finished reading the screenplay, I got the novel out and looked through it. The two reinforce each other, so that someone who started with the novel would enjoy the movie and someone who started with the movie would enjoy the novel.' The motion picture was dedicated to Dick. Principal photography of Blade Runner began on March 9, 1981, and ended four months later.In 1992, Ford revealed, ' Blade Runner is not one of my favorite films.

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I tangled with Ridley.' Apart from friction with the director, Ford also disliked the: 'When we started shooting it had been tacitly agreed that the version of the film that we had agreed upon was the version without voiceover narration. It was a f.king nightmare. I thought that the film had worked without the narration. But now I was stuck re-creating that narration. And I was obliged to do the voiceovers for people that did not represent the director's interests.' 'I went kicking and screaming to the studio to record it.'

The narration monologues were written by an uncredited.In 2006, Scott was asked 'Who's the biggest pain in the arse you've ever worked with?' , he replied: 'It's got to be Harrison. He'll forgive me because now I get on with him. Now he's become charming.

But he knows a lot, that's the problem. When we worked together it was my first film up and I was the new kid on the block. But we made a good movie.' Ford said of Scott in 2000: 'I admire his work. We had a bad patch there, and I'm over it.' In 2006 Ford reflected on the production of the film saying: 'What I remember more than anything else when I see Blade Runner is not the 50 nights of shooting in the rain, but the voiceover.

I was still obliged to work for these clowns that came in writing one bad voiceover after another.' Ridley Scott confirmed in the summer 2007 issue of that Harrison Ford contributed to the Blade Runner Special Edition DVD, and had already recorded his interviews. 'Harrison's fully on board', said Scott.The in downtown served as a, and a Warner Bros. Housed the LA 2019 streets. Other locations included the and the.

Test screenings resulted in several changes including adding a voice-over, a happy ending and the removal of a Holden hospital scene. The relationship between the filmmakers and the investors was difficult, which culminated in Deeley and Scott being fired but still working on the film. Crew members created T-shirts during filming saying, 'Yes Guv'nor, My Ass' that mocked Scott's unfavorable comparison of U.S. And British crews; Scott responded with a T-shirt of his own, 'Xenophobia Sucks' making the incident known as the T-shirt war.In June 2009, reported that Scott and his brother, director, were working on a series of 5–10 minute shorts, Purefold, inspired by Blade Runner and aimed first at the and then perhaps television.

Due to rights problems, the series was not to be linked too closely to the characters or events of the 1982 film. On February 7, 2010, it was announced that production on Purefold had ceased, due to funding problems.On March 3, 2011, it was reported that, a production company financed by, was 'in final discussions to secure film, television and ancillary franchise rights to produce prequels and sequels to the iconic 1982 science-fiction thriller.'

It was also reported that month that was desired as director.On August 18, 2011, it was announced that Ridley Scott would direct and produce a new Blade Runner film, although work would not begin until at least 2013. Producer suggested that, who had starred in the original film, was unlikely to be involved. Scott said that the film was 'liable to be a sequel' but without the previous cast, and that he was close to finding a writer who 'might be able to help him deliver'. On February 6, 2012, Kosove stated: 'It is absolutely, patently false that there has been any discussion about Harrison Ford being in Blade Runner. To be clear, what we are trying to do with Ridley now is go through the painstaking process of trying to break the back of the story.

The casting of the movie could not be further from our minds at this moment.' When Scott was asked about the possibility of a sequel in October 2012, he said, 'It's not a rumor—it's happening. With Harrison Ford? I don't know yet. Is he too old? Well, he was a Nexus-6 so we don't know how long he can live.

And that's all I'm going to say at this stage.' Scott said in November 2014 that he would not direct the film and would instead produce; that filming would begin in late 2014 or 2015, and that Ford's character would only appear in 'the third act' of the sequel. On February 26, 2015, the sequel was confirmed, with as its director.

Ford was confirmed to be returning as Deckard; so too Hampton Fancher, one of the two writers of the original film. The film was expected to enter production in mid-2016. Films Blade Runner (1982). Main article:Blade Runner, the first film in the franchise, is a 1982 film, serving as a loose of the 's 1968 novel. The film is set in a of 2019, in which genetically bioengineered, which are visually indistinguishable from adult humans, are manufactured by the Tyrell Corporation to work on. Those that escape and return to Earth are hunted down and 'retired' by special police operatives known as 'blade runners'.

The story focuses on burnt-out expert blade runner, who reluctantly agrees to take on one last assignment to hunt down a group of recently escaped replicants led. During his investigations, Deckard meets, an advanced experimental replicant who causes him to question his attitude towards replicants and what it means to be human.

Starring, and, it was released in the United States on June 25, 1982. It underperformed in North American theaters, but has since become a. The year following its release, the film won the prestigious.

Hailed for its production design, depicting a 'retrofitted' future, it remains a leading example of cinema. The, composed by, was critically acclaimed and nominated in 1983 for a and as best original. Wii music game. In 1993, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States by the, being deemed 'culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant'. Blade Runner is now regarded by many critics as one of the.Blade Runner 2049 (2017). Main article:On April 16, 2015, entered negotiations for a role in a Blade Runner sequel. Gosling confirmed his casting in November 2015, citing the involvement of Villeneuve and Deakins as factors for his decision.

On May 20, was hired as director of photography. Principal photography was set to begin in July, with distributing the film domestically and handling international release. An official release date of January 12, 2018, was announced on February 18, 2016.

When interviewed at the, Villeneuve disclosed that the plot would include the ambiguity of whether or not Deckard is a human or a replicant. On March 31, 2016, entered final negotiations for a role in the film, and on April 2, posted a picture of himself with an unicorn, hinting at a role in the film.

Bautista and Wright were confirmed to be joining the cast on April 4, and a filming start date of July was established. In late April 2016, the film's release date was moved up to October 6, 2017, as well as and being added to the cast. Was cast in May 2016.

In June, and were cast, with, and joining in July. Was added to the cast in August.

In March 2017, confirmed he was in the film in a sequence playing original character. In September 2015, Warner Bros. Trademarked the name Blade Runner: Androids Dream, prompting speculation that this was the film's title; this was revealed to have been an early title of the film by in October 2017. However, after began in July 2016 and, as of September 2016, was filming in, Hungary, announced the title of the film to be Blade Runner 2049 in October 2016. Shooting ended in November 2016 in Hungary, with the film set for release on October 6, 2017.Future During an interview with during a promotional tour for the 2015 film, expressed interest in making additional films. In October 2017, Villeneuve said that he expected a third film would be made if 2049 was successful.

Writer of both films Hampton Fancher also revealed that he was considering reviving an old story idea involving Deckard travelling to another country, and Ford said that he would be open to returning if he liked the script. In January 2018, Scott stated that he had 'another story ready to evolve and be developed, that there is certainly one to be done for sure', referring to a third Blade Runner film. Short films 2036: Nexus Dawn (2017). Main article:On August 29, 2017, director of Blade Runner 2049, announced that he had organized for two filmmakers to direct several short films exploring incidents that occurred between the events of Blade Runner and Blade Runner 2049. The first short film released in the lead up to Blade Runner 2049, 2036: Nexus Dawn, is directed by, who had previously developed short films connecting the events of Ridley Scott films.

The film stars as Niander Wallace and as Lawmaker, following him as he presents a new Nexus-9 replicant to the lawmakers in an attempt to have a prohibition on replicants lifted. 2048: Nowhere to Run (2017). Main article:On September 26, 2017, the third short film, Blade Runner Black Out 2022, was released on. A 15-minute long anime and prequel to and 2048: Nowhere to Run, directed by and produced by, The film is primarily set in 2022, following an detonation that has caused a global blackout, which has had massive, destructive implications all over the world.

During a preview of the film, Watanabe said that the original film was 'definitely the movie that influenced me the most as an director'. And respectively reprise their roles as and Sapper Morton. Television Blade Runner: Black Lotus (2020) Blade Runner: Black Lotus is an upcoming animated series being produced for. It was announced on November 29, 2018, and was created in partnership with. It has as creative producer. And will direct the initial season, which will have 13 episodes at 30 minutes each. It will air dubbed on Adult Swim on its programming block and streamed.

The series is being produced by Japanese animation studio Sola Digital Arts.The series will take place in the year 2032 and will include 'familiar' characters from the Blade Runner universe. The series is set ten years after the anime short. Cast and crew Cast. An image of a spinner (police variant) on display at.While not initially a success with North American audiences, the film was popular internationally and garnered a.

The film's dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films, and television programs. For example, and, the producers of the re-imagining of, have both cited Blade Runner as one of the major influences for the show. Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns, and an increasing number consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time. It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a poll of 60 eminent world scientists conducted in 2004.

Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the film series, which itself has been highly influential to the future-noir genre.Blade Runner has been very influential to the movement. It also influenced the that revolves around biotechnology and.The film was selected for preservation in the United States in 1993 and is used in university courses. In 2007 it was named the second-most visually influential film of all time by the.Blade Runner is one of the most musically films of the 20th century. The 2009 album, by Singaporean band makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film, and even features a track titled 'Replicant'.Blade Runner has influenced such as the 2012 graphical, the series, (and its original anime films), the, the, and the series of video games.

The film is also cited as a major influence on, designer of the computer-game, which displays evidence of the film's influence in both its visual rendering and plot. The look of the film, darkness, neon lights and opacity of vision, is easier to than complicated backdrops, making it a popular choice for game designers.Blade Runner has also been the subject of parody, such as the comics Blade Bummer by comics, Bad Rubber by, and the 2009 three-part miniseries, '.Among the folklore that has developed around the film over the years has been the belief that the film was a curse to the companies whose logos were displayed prominently as in some scenes. While they were market leaders at the time, and experienced setbacks after the film's release.

Main article:In 1994, a personal friend of, began developing a series of Blade Runner novels that would serve as a continuation of both the film, and the novel upon which it was based,. The first of these novels, Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human, was published on October 1, 1995.

The novel was set several months after the events of Blade Runner, following Deckard living in an isolated shack outside of, with Rachael with him in a Tyrell transport container, intended to slow down the replicant aging process. Deckard is called in by the human template of Rachael, Sarah Tyrell, to hunt down a missing replicant in exchange for technology allowing Rachael to live. Meanwhile, Roy Batty, the human template for the, hires Dave Holden, a blade runner previously attacked by Leon, to help him hunt down the man that he believes to be the sixth replicant – Deckard.Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night. Main article:Blade Runner 4: Eye and Talon, also known as Blade Runner 4: Beyond Orion, is the third novel written by that continues the storyline started in the 1982 Blade Runner film.

The novel was published in 2000. The story takes place concurrently with the events of Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night, following Iris, a Blade Runner who has been sent on an assignment to find Eldon Tyrell's 'real owl', which appears to have special significance to the Tyrell Corporation and other organizations.Video games YearTitleGenreDeveloperPublisher18Blade Runner: RevelationsThere are three based on Blade Runner: for, and by CRL Group PLC based on the music by Vangelis (due to licensing issues), by,. Both the 1997 and 2018 video games feature new characters and branching storylines based on the Blade Runner world. Eldon Tyrell, Gaff, Leon, Rachael, Chew, J. Sebastian and Howie Lee appear in the 1997 video game, their voice files are recorded by the original actors, with the exception of Gaff, who is replaced by Javier Grajeda (as ) and Howie Lee, who is replaced by Toru Nagai. The player assumes the role of McCoy, another replicant-hunter working at the same time as Deckard. Gaff and Dave Holden both appear in the 2018 game, voiced respectively by and Steve Prince, while voices Lilith Tyrell, niece of Eldon Tyrell; Lilith previously appeared in Blade Runner in photographic form, actress unaccredited.

The PC game and VR game feature a non-linear plot, that each ran in their own independent, and an unusual pseudo-3D engine (which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of elements) that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game. Documentaries The film has been the subject of a number of documentaries.Blade Runner: Convention Reel (1982, 13 minutes) Co-directed by Muffet Kaufman and Jeffrey B. Shot and screen in 16mm, featured no narrator, was filmed in 1981 while Blade Runner was still in production and featured short 'behind-the-scenes' segments showing sets being built and sequences being shot, as well as interviews with,. Appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition.

On the Edge of Blade Runner (2000, 55 minutes) Directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted/written. Interviews with production staff, including Ridley Scott, give details of the creative process and the turmoil during preproduction. Insights into Philip K. Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Are provided by Paul M. Sammon and Hampton Fancher. Future Shocks (2003, 27 minutes) A documentary.

It includes interviews with executive producer, and the cast, and commentary by science fiction author and from film critics. Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner (2007, 213 minutes) A documentary directed and produced by for The Final Cut version of the film. Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews, including extensive conversations with Ford, Young, and Scott. The documentary is presented in eight chapters, with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process. The final chapter examines Blade Runner's controversial legacy. All Our Variant Futures: From Workprint to Final Cut (2007, 29 minutes) Produced by Paul Prischman, appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition and provides an overview of the film's multiple versions and their origins, as well as detailing the seven-year-long restoration, enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut. Comics A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner.

Main article:scripted the comic book adaptation of Blade Runner, entitled, published in September 1982 as the twenty-second issue of the series of titles which, by the year 1982, only printed adaptations of films Marvel had obtained the rights to. It was later reprinted as a two-part miniseries, without the feature content contained in the special. In some printings, several pages of the comic were published out of order. Other printing set these pages in the correct order. In the it was reprinted as the Blade Runner Annual published by Grandreams. Again, the feature content of the original special was not reprinted. The trade paperback was published in black and white and contains images from the film; it is one of the rarest Marvel Comics trades ever.The book was poorly received upon its initial release.

It was ridiculed for what the critics perceived as bad writing and misquoted lines of dialogue from the film. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Main article:In 2010, published Dust to Dust, an 8-issue serving as a to the events of both (1968), (1982) and (2009). The series was written by and drawn by Robert Adler, detailing the days after World War Terminus. The series was marketed with a sneak peek of an eight-page digital preview which was released on,. Blade Runner 2019 In October 4, 2018, The Hollywood Reporter published an announcement about a new Blade Runner comic series that would be set in the film universe. The comic would be co-written by Michael Green (who had worked on the second film) together with Mike Johnson, who would be scripting the comic.

Cancelled projects Metropolis In the 2000s, Scott proposed a sequel to Blade Runner, entitled Metropolis. The project never came to fruition due to rights issues.

Purefold In June 2009, reported that Scott and his brother, director, were working on a series of 5–10 minute shorts, Purefold, inspired by Blade Runner and aimed first at the and then perhaps television. Due to rights problems, the series was not to be linked too closely to the characters or events of the 1982 film. On February 7, 2010, it was announced that production on Purefold had ceased, due to funding problems.Unofficially related media Soldier (1998).